O, what an [en]tangled web we weave...

By Aussiegirl

This fascinating article was published November 30, 2005, but I just now discovered it -- and decided to post it as another brain-twisting example of how counter-intuitive quantum physics is, and how much our cozy macro world differs from the bizarre micro world.

Be sure to read the end of the article where the experiment is described, and this quotation by one of the physicists appears -- in which he uses the every-day example of a phone line to try to help us visualize the unvisualizable: “During this process the ions all 'talk’ to each other at the same time, like in a conference call,” says NIST physicist Dietrich Leibfried. “The common motion can be thought of as the ‘phone line.’ (The Austrian experiment is more like a series of individual phone calls to ‘the boss,’ or the motion.)"

NIST Physicists Coax Six Atoms into Quantum �Cat� State

NIST Physicists Coax Six Atoms into Quantum ‘Cat’ State

BOULDER, Colo. – Scientists at the Commerce Department’s National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) have coaxed six atoms into spinning together in two opposite directions at the same time, a so-called Schrödinger “cat” state that obeys the unusual laws of quantum physics. The ambitious choreography could be useful in applications such as quantum computing and cryptography, as well as ultra-sensitive measurement techniques, all of which rely on exquisite control of nature’s smallest particles.

The experiment, which was unusually challenging even for scientists accustomed to crossing the boundary between the macroscopic and quantum worlds, is described in the Dec. 1 issue of Nature.* NIST scientists entangled six beryllium ions (charged atoms) so that their nuclei were collectively spinning clockwise and counterclockwise at the same time. Entanglement, which Albert Einstein called “spooky action at a distance,” occurs when the quantum properties of two or more particles are correlated. The NIST work, along with a paper by Austrian scientists published in the same issue of Nature, breaks new ground for entanglement of multiple particles in the laboratory. The previous record was five entangled photons, the smallest particles of light. [....]

The ability to exist in two states at once is another peculiar property of quantum physics known as “superposition.” The NIST ions were placed in the most extreme superposition of spin states possible with six ions. All six nuclei are spinning in one direction and the opposite direction simultaneously or what physicists call Schrödinger cat states. The name was coined in a famous 1935 essay in which German physicist Erwin Schrödinger described an extreme theoretical case of being in two states simultaneously, namely a cat that is both dead and alive at the same time.

Schrödinger’s point was that cats are never observed in such states in the macroscopic “real world,” so there seems to be a boundary where the strange properties of quantum mechanics—the rule book for Nature’s smallest particles—give way to everyday experience. The NIST work, while a long way from full entanglement of a real cat’s roughly 1026 [i.e. 10 to the 26] atoms, extends the domain where Schrödinger cat states can exist to at least six atoms. The Austrian team used a different approach to entangle more ions (eight) but in a less sensitive state. [....]

Entanglement and superpositions are being exploited in laboratories around the world in the development of new technologies such as quantum computers. If they can be built, quantum computers could solve certain problems in an exponentially shorter time than conventional computers of a similar size. For example, current supercomputers would require years to break today’s best encryption codes, (which are used to keep bank transactions and other important information secret) while quantum computers could quickly decipher the codes. Quantum computers also may be useful for optimizing complex systems such as airline schedules and database searching, developing "fraud-proof" digital signatures, or simulating complex biological systems for use in drug design.

Cat states, because they are superpositions of opposite overall properties that are relatively easy to verify, could be useful in a NIST-proposed design for fault-tolerant quantum computers. In addition, cat states are more sensitive to disturbance than other types of superpositions, a potentially useful feature in certain forms of quantum encryption, a new method for protecting information by making virtually all eavesdropping detectable.

The entangled cat states created by the NIST researchers also might be used to improve precision instruments, such as atomic clocks or interferometers that measure microscopic distances. Six ions entangled in a cat state are about 2½ times more sensitive to external magnetic fields than six unentangled ions, offering the possibility of better magnetic field sensors, or (for fixed external magnetic fields) better frequency sensors, which are components of atomic clocks. In addition, correlations between entangled ions could improve measurement precision, because a measurement of the spin of one of the entangled ions makes it possible to predict the spin of all remaining ions with certainty. [....]

Background: Creating Entangled Cat States with Six Ions

STEP 1

Ions have a property called spin. Spin can be visualized as a rotating top, which can be pointing up, down, or any direction in between to represent a combination of up and down at the same time. (The spin can point in any direction, so there are many possibilities.)

The NIST experiment begins with all six ions spin down. Then they are hit with two parallel laser pulses, which places each of the ions in an equal superposition of spin up and spin down. This means that each ion would have a 50/50 chance of being measured as spin up or spin down. (A measurement always causes a superposition to collapse to one direction or the other.) A measurement of all six ions would have 64 (26) possible outcomes, or combinations of up and down spins. But the ions are not measured at this point in the experiment. Instead, they remain in the superposition of all 64 possibilities.

STEP 2

All six ions are entangled using a NIST technique originally developed several years ago to entangle two or three ions. Two laser beams are positioned at right angles to apply an oscillating force to all six ions. The lasers are tuned so the difference between their frequencies is very close to the frequency of one of the natural vibrational motions of the six-ion string. Based on differences in the spin up and spin down components of the evolving 64 states, the ions “feel” a differing laser force that cause the ions to oscillate in a particular way. This coupling of the superposition of spin states to the motion of the ion string has the global effect of entangling the ions in a controlled way.

“During this process the ions all 'talk’ to each other at the same time, like in a conference call,” says NIST physicist Dietrich Leibfried. “The common motion can be thought of as the ‘phone line.’ (The Austrian experiment is more like a series of individual phone calls to ‘the boss,’ or the motion.)"

STEP 3

A final laser pulse places all six entangled ions in the cat state, where they stop evolving and remain briefly in the superposition of all spins up (rotating to the right) and all spins down (rotating to the left); that is, the original 64 possibilities have been reduced to two.

VERIFICATION

NIST scientists used two techniques to prove indirectly that the ions were in cat states. (Direct measurements would cause the cat states to collapse.) Both techniques rely on the fact that any spinning object oscillates in an external magnetic field at a rate proportional to its internal magnetic properties.

In a superposition of all six spins up and down simultaneously (a cat state), the “all up” component will oscillate at six times the rate of a single spin up, and the “all down” component will oscillate at six times the rate of a single spin down—but in the direction opposite to “all up.” Therefore, a cat-like superposition of six ions will spin apart six times faster than a superposition of a single atom. Scientists can evaluate how cleanly the prepared cat states execute the oscillation at the sixfold speed, and thus determine how purely the original “all up and all down” state was prepared.